that作为关系代词时,主要引导以下类型的句子:
一、宾语从句
结构特点 that引导的宾语从句需跟在动词、介词或形容词/副词之后,起补充说明作用。例如:
The problem that we need to solve is...(我们需要解决的问题是……)
The news that he won the game is true.(他赢得比赛的消息是真的)
在宾语从句中,that可省略(如:I can't tell him the news. = I can't tell him that his mother died.)
特殊用法
在suggest, order等表示建议、命令的动词后,that引导的宾语从句需用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),且不能省略。例如:
The manager suggested that we postpone the meeting.(经理建议我们推迟会议。)
二、定语从句
结构特点
that引导定语从句时,先行词为人或物,需在从句中作成分(如主语、宾语)。例如:
The book that I borrowed from the library is interesting.(我从图书馆借的那本书很有趣)
The students that passed the exam are celebrating.(通过考试的学生正在庆祝)
注意:当先行词被the only, the very, such等限定时,that不可省略。
与同位语从句的区别
定语从句需用逗号与主句分隔,而定语从句(如“The news that...”)通常不使用that(需用that引导的同位语从句)。
三、同位语从句
结构特点
that引导同位语从句时,对先行词进行解释说明,通常与被解释名词(如news, idea, fact等)紧邻。例如:
The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.(现代艺术只能在博物馆才能见到的想法是错误的)
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.(他昨天告诉我的消息是真的)
在同位语从句中,that无实际意义且不可省略。
总结
that的引导功能需结合上下文判断:
可省略: 宾语从句中作宾语时; 不可省略
特殊场景:suggest等动词后需用虚拟语气且不能省略。